Ciclo de vida de corynelia tropica, patógeno foliar en podocarpus saligna / Life cycle of corynelia tropica, leaf pathogen on podocarpus saligna

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar el ciclo de vida de Corynelia tropica, patógeno de hojas y ramillas en mañío de hoja larga (Podocarpus saligna). Mensualmente se recolectaron ramillas de P. saligna. En la medida que se fueron detectando estadíos interesantes dentro del ciclo de vida de este patógeno, la frecuencia de las colectas se intensificó en forma quincenal, e incluso semanal. Se pudo constatar que C. tropica presentó un ciclo de vida anual muy definido, con gran regularidad en la aparición y desarrollo de sus estructuras fructíferas. Invariablemente el ciclo de vida se inició en la primera quincena de noviembre con la inoculación de los nuevos brotes de P. saligna. A inicios de enero se manifestaron los primeros síntomas de la infección y a comienzos de marzo ya eran notorias las estructuras del anamorfo. A fines de mayo las estructuras del teleomorfo se hacían protuberantes y se iniciaba la formación de los ascos. A fines de julio los ascocarpos presentaban forma y tamaño ya adulto, y las ascosporas al interior de los ascos se encontraban en proceso de maduración. A fines de octubre las ascosporas ya estaban maduras y su liberación a comienzos de noviembre, sincronizaba con la emergencia de los brotes de P. saligna, con lo que se daba inicio una vez más a un nuevo ciclo de vida de C. tropica. Se pudo constatar que además del follaje y ramas, este patógeno también atacaba a los frutos de P.saligna.

This study aimed to determine the life cycle of Corynelia tropica, pathogen leaves and twins in longleaf mañío (Podocarpus saligna). Monthly P. saligna twigs were collected. As they were detecting interesting stages in the life cycle of this pathogen, the frequency of collections were intensified fortnightly or even weekly. It was found that C. tropica presented a very defined, with great regularity in the occurrence and development of their fruiting structures annual life cycle. Invariably the life cycle began in the first half of November with the inoculation of new outbreaks of P. saligna. In early January the first symptoms of infections manifested and early March were already notorious the anamorph structure. In late May teleomorph structures became prominent and the formation of the asci began. In late July the ascocarps presented adult size and shape, and the ascospores within the asci were maturing. In late October ascospores were ripe and in early November, release synchronized with outbreaks of P. saligna, which was given start again a new life cycle of C. tropica. It was found that besides the foliage and branches, this pathogen also attacked the fruits of P. saligna.

The Distribution of Cytoplasm and Nuclei within the Extra-radical Mycelia in Glomus intraradices, a Species of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

Nuclear distribution within the extra-radical fungal structures and during spore production in the arbuscular mycorrhizae fungus Glomus intraradices was examined using an in vitro monoxenic culture system. A di-compartmental monoxenic culture system was modified using a nitrocellulose membrane and a coverglass slip for detailed observations. Nuclear distribution was observed using the fluorescent DNA binding probes SYBR Green I and DAPI. Both septate and non-septate mycelial regions were observed, but cytoplasmic contents were only found within non-septate mycelia. Nuclear fluorescent staining revealed that the non-septate hyphal region contained nuclei only with cytoplasm, and that nuclear distribution was limited by septa. Swollen hyphal bodies were often associated with septate and empty-looking hyphae. Cytoplasmic contents filled the swollen hyphal body from the non-septate hyphal region following removal of the septa. As a consequence, the swollen body developed into a new spore. These observations provide understanding about the distribution of AM fungal nuclei within extra-radical mycelia and during spore formation. The results suggest a mechanism by which the development of a cytoplasm-containing mycelium is controlled by the formation or removal of septa to efficiently maintain and proliferate essential contents. This mechanism may provide a survival strategy to the fungus.

Eritema nodoso y su asociación coninfecciones micóticas / Erythematic nodosum and its asociation with mycotic infections

El eritema nodoso es la paniculitis más frecuente que afecta la grasa subcutánea. La gran mayoría de los casos son idiopáticos, pero también se encuentran infecciones, sarcoidosis, embarazo y ciertos medicamentos, como otras causas importantes. Entre las infecciones, la más frecuente es la estreptocóccica; mientras que las infecciones micóticas junto con las virales, parasitariasy otras bacterianas, corresponden a menos de 1 % de las causas. Son pocos los casos reportados de infecciones micóticas asociadas a síntomas reumatológicos, pero hasta ahora, el más común es el eritema nodoso. La mayor cantidad de estos casos corresponden a infecciones por dermatofitos; entre éstos, el más relevante es Trichophyton mentagrophytes, causando principalmente el querionde Celso.El eritema nodoso también se ha visto asociado a infecciones micóticas invasivas como la aspergilosis,histoplasmosis, coccidioidomicosis y esporotricosis. Su tratamiento tiene dos objetivos: tratar la enfermedad subyacente y realizar un manejo sintomático de las lesiones cutáneas y los síntomas asociados. Está claro quelas lesiones en piel son autolimitadas y los nódulos curan espontáneamente sin dejar cicatriz ni atrofia.

Erythema nodosum (EN) is the panniculitis thatmost frequently affects subcutaneous fat. Most cases are idiopathic but infections, sarcoidosis,pregnancy and certain medications are other important causes. Among infections, streptococcusis most frequent; mycotic and viral infections,parasitic and other bacterias, correspond to lessthan 1% of the causes. The reports of mycotic infectionsassociated to rheumatologic symptomsare few, but to date, the most common is EN. The majority of these cases correspond to dermatophyticinfections, among which the most relevant is Trichophyton mentagrophytes, most commonlycausing Kerion of Celsi. EN has also been seen inassociation with invasive mycotic infections likeaspergillosis, hystoplasmosis, coccidiodomycosisand sporotrichosis. Treatment of EN has two objectives: treating the underlying disease andsymptomatic control of skin lesions and associated symptoms. It is clear that skin lesions are self limited and nodules heal spontaneously withoutleaving scar or atrophy.

Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Hyptis suaveolens (L. ) poit leaves essential oil against Aspergillus species

This study aimed to identify the constituents of the essential oil from Hyptis suaveolens (L.) leaves using a Gas Chromatograph -Mass Spectrometer and assess its inhibitory effect on some potentially pathogenic Aspergilli (A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. ochraceus, A. fumigatus and A. niger). Eucaliptol (47.64 percent) was the most abundant component in the oil, followed for gama-ellemene (8.15 percent), beta-pynene (6.55 percent), (+)3-carene (5.16 percent), trans-beta-cariophyllene (4.69 percent) and germacrene (4.86 percent). The essential oil revealed an interesting anti-Aspergillus property characterized by a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration of 40 and 80 µL/mL, respectively. The oil at 80 and 40 µL/mL strongly inhibited the mycelial growth of A. fumigatus and A. parasiticus along 14 days. In addition, at 10 and 20 µL/mL the oil was able to cause morphological changes in A. flavus as decreased conidiation, leakage of cytoplasm, loss of pigmentation and disrupted cell structure suggesting fungal wall degeneration. These findings showed the interesting anti-Aspergillus property of H. suaveolens leaves essential oil supporting its possible rational use as alternative source of new antifungal compounds to be applied in the aspergillosis treatment.

Dominance of Paris-type morphology on mycothallus of Lunularia cruciata colonised by Glomus proliferum / Predomínio da morfologia tipo-Paris em talo de Lunularia cruciata colonizado por Glomus proliferum

Microscopic evidence confirms that L. cruciata hosting G. proliferum shows major anatomical traits (arbuscules, coils, arbusculate coils and vesicles) generally associated arbuscular mycorrhizal roots and the anatomical morphology of intra-thalli mycelium is predominantly of the Paris-type. Colonised L. cruciata showed a reduction of biomass when compared with axenic plants suggesting a drain of resources towards the fungus and depletion of nutrients required for optimum plant growth. The behaviour of mycothalli regarding available KH2PO4 indicates that the nutritional stress threshold for phosphorus (P) is above the residual amount of P already present in PhytagelTM and in plant inoculum. These raise the possibility that in certain circumstances the relationship between L. cruciata and G. proliferum be parasitic rather than symbiotic and open the door for future studies to ascertain the nature of liverwort-AM fungi relationships.

Observações de microscopia ótica confirmam que L. cruciata colonizada por G. proliferum apresenta caracteres anatomicos (arbúsculos, hifas novelas, arbúsculos enovelados e vesículas) geralmente associadas a raízes micorrízicas arbusculares em que o micélio intra-tálico apresenta uma anatomia predominantemente do tipo Paris. L. cruciata colonizada apresentou redução de biomassa quando comparada com plantas axenicas, sugerindo dreno de recursos para o fungo e consequente redução de nutrientes necessários para o ótimo crescimento da planta. O comportamento do talo-colonizado em relação à disponibilidade de KH2PO4 no meio indica que o limiar de stress nutricional para fósforo se encontra acima do somatório das quantidades residuais deste elemento presentes no PhytagelTM e no inóculo. Os resultados aqui discutidos sugerem a possibilidade de, em certas circunstâncias, a relação entre L. cruciata e G. proliferum ter características de parasitismo e não de simbiose, abrindo novas perspectivas para futuros estudos na determinação da natureza da relação hepática-fungo arbuscular.

Application of cDNA array for studying the gene expression profile of mature appressoria of Magnaporthe grisea / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Appressorium is an infection structure of the phytopathogenic fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Analysis of gene expression profiles of appressorium development provides insight into the molecular basis of pathogenicity and control of this fungal plant disease. A cDNA array representing 2927 unique genes based on a large EST (expressed sequence tag) database of M. grisea strain Y34 was constructed and used to profile the gene expression patterns at mycelium and appressorium maturation stages. Compared with mycelia, 55 up-regulated and 22 down-regulated genes were identified in mature appressoria. Among 77 genes, 16 genes showed no similarity to the genome sequences of M. grisea. A novel homologue of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase was found to be expressed at low-level in mature appressoria of M. grisea. The results indicated that the genes such as pyruvate carboxylase, phospholipid metabolism-related protein and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase involved in gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism and glycolysis, showed differential expression in mature appressoria. Furthermore, genes such as PTH11, beta subunit of G protein and SGT1 involved in cell signalling, were expressed differentially in mature appressoria. Northern blot analysis was used to confirm the cDNA array results.

Analysis of the secondary compounds produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and wild yeast strains during the production of "cachaça"

presente trabalho visou estabelecer uma comparação entre composição de cachaças produzidas por Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) e estirpes de leveduras selvagens [Pichia silvicola (Ps), Pichia anomala 1 (Pa1), Pichia anomala 2 (Pa2) e Dekkera bruxelensis (Db)], isoladas em destilarias da região de Jaboticabal-SP. Os componentes secundários da fração denominada coração foram determinados por cromatografia gasosa. Os níveis dos componentes secundários foram influenciados pelo pH dos respectivos vinhos, os quais dependem da estirpe de levedura empregada no processo fermentativo. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae apresentou valores ligeiramente superiores de componentes secundários, enquanto as estirpes selvagens produziram maiores teores de álcoois superiores. As estirpes selvagens de leveduras mostraram-se adequadas para obtenção de uma cachaça de boa qualidade.

Morphological Characteristics of Pseudosclerotia of Grifola umbellata in In Vitro

The present study was carried out to investigate morphological characteristics of pseudosclerotia of Grifola umbellata formed by artificial cultures. Isolate G. umbellata DUM GUS-01 was obtained from sclerotium cultivated in field. The fungal isolate was cultured on PDYM broth, PDYMA(potato dextrose yeast malt agar) and oak sawdust media at 20degrees C under the dark condition. G. umbellata DUM GUS-01 showed a volumetric increment of fungal lumps rather than mycelial growth. Particularly, G. umbellata DUM GUS-01 produced a large amount of melanin pigments in all culture treatments. The color of the fungal mass has been changed into grey gradually, and then formed melanized rind-like structure on its superficial part. The fungal structures which were covered with melanized rind-like layer were named as pseudosclerotia of G. umbellata. The pseudosclerotia of G. umbellata DUM GUS-01 formed a new white mycelial mass, which was swollen out of the melanized rind structure for its volumetric increment. When the pseudosclerotia were sectioned, their structure was discriminated from two structures such as a melanized rind-like structure layer formed by aggregation of aged mycelia and a white mycelial mass with high density. As results of scanning electron microscopic examination, the pseudosclerotia of G. umbellata DUM GUS-01 which were formed in in vitro conditions were similar to the sclerotia of G. umbellata cultivated in natural conditions except for the crystals formed in medula layer of natural sclerotia. Although size, solidity of rind structure and mycelial compactness of pseudosclerotia were more poor than those of natural sclerotia, the morphological structure and growth pattern of pseudosclerotia were very similar to those of natural sclerotia. Therefore, it is probable to induce pseudosclerotia to sclerotia of G. umbellata in in vitro conditions. Consequently, it seems that the induced pseudosclerotia can be used as inoculum sources to substitute natural sclerotia in field cultivation.

Propagation of three mushrooms genera in submerged culture of mango stone infusion

Factors affecting the production of mushroom mycelium from Agaricus bisporus, pleurotus ostreatus and pholiota aegerita grown in mango stone infusion for 7 days were studied. The optimum conditions enhancing the economic coefficient[EC] of mushroom mycelium were 25,30 and 20°C for incubation temperature. 4.0,4.5 and 5.5 for pH values, 300 r.p.m. for shaking rate and 25:1 for C/N ratio in case of Agaricus bisporus. Pleurotus ostrearus and pholiota aegerita with high EC of 66.8, 51.9 and 63.9, respectively. In comparison under these optimum conditions, molasses media [as control] reflected lowered EC than that of mango stone infusion. The dry mycelium of A. bisporus showed a higher protein and fat contents than Pleurotus ostreatus and pholiota aegerita. Inorganic elements. Mg. Ca, Na, K. Cu, Fe. Mn, Zn, Pb and Cd were also detected

Expression of Elafin in the Epidermis of Cutaneous Fungal Infection / 감염

BACKGROUND: Elafin is a serine proteinase inhibitor first discovered in keratinocytes from hyperproliferative human epidermis. In addition to the proteinase inhibiting domain, elafin contains multiple transglutaminase substrate domains which enable cross-linking to extracellular and cell envelope proteins. Several characteristics of elafin suggest potential anti-microbial activity. Elafin is absent in normal skin at protein level, but is induced in inflammatory and infectious dermatoses which threat the epidermal integrity by vesicopustule formation and neutrophilic cell infiltration. Cutaneous fungal infection is one of the well-known examples of diseases characterized by such condition. The purpose of this study was to check out the possibility that elafin may be involved in the pathomechanism of fungal infection. METHODS: The biopsy samples taken from 10 cases of superficial fungal infections, 10 cases of deep and systemic mycoses, 2 cases of slide culture specimens of Candida species, were used for the immunohistochemical tissue staining for elafin expression. Polyclonal anti-elafin was used in 1:300 dilution. As control, biopsy smaples of normal skin, ichthyosis, psoriasis were used for the staining for elafin expression. RESULTS: In the normal and ichthyotic epidermis, elafin expression was virtually negative. In superficial mycoses except candidiasis, elafin was expressed in the spinous layer of infected epidermis, and fungal structures in the stratum corneum were stained with elafin antisera. In the cases of dermatophytosis of ichthyosis patients, while fungal hyphae were stained with elafin antisera, epidermal cell did not express elafin. In candidial esophagitis, elafin was expressed in the esophgeal mucosa, but spores were not stained with elafin anti-sera. In slide culture of Candida species, spores were not stained with elafin antisera, also. In cases of systemic and deep mycoses, fungal hyphae and spores were stained with elafin antisera and epidermis adjacent to severe dermal inflammatory reaction showed elafin expression. CONCLUSION: Elafin may have certain role in systemic and cutaneous fungal infection to contribute to high resistance of the epidermis against proteolysis and fungal infections, and it is shown that elafin or elafin-like protein may also be produced and utilized by fungi themselves.

The Architecture of Fungal Cells / 대한의진균학회지

The Kingdom fungus has a unique structure and organization. Recent advances in electron microscopy and use of specific cytochemical technique enable the ultrastructures to be visualized. The hypha is a tube-like structure with a rigid wall, containing a moving slug of protoplasm. Hypha grows only at the tapered apical tip region, which is called extension zone. Extreme tip area has apical vesicle cluster which is responsible for tip growth. Unique fungal structure, Spitzenk rper, is thought to be a central region of the apical vesicle cluster. Most hyphal structures except the species belong to Zygomycetes have septa. But the septum is not completely blocked and it has different types of opening pores. The simple septal pores with Woronin bodies, which are found in Ascomycetes and Deuteromycetes, can be plugged in two different mechanisms. During normal differentiation the pores become occluded by a gradual deposition of plugged material. Loss of cytoplasm from damaged hyphae can be reduced and blocked by the rapid occlusion of septal pores by Woronin bodies or hexagonal crystal bodies. Septal sealing in Basidiomycetes which have dolipore septum is made by the rapid formation of electron-dense pore plugs. The shape of the fungal cell is the shape of fungal wall. Fungal walls appear to be composed of layers, which are thought to merge into one another to form one structure. The cytoskeleton consists of microtubules and microfilaments with motor proteins, and they seems to act together in the fungal cells.

A Case of Phaeomycotic Subcutaneous Abscess Caused by Wangiella Dermatitidis / 대한피부과학회지

We present here a case of phaeornycotic subcutaneous abscess caused by Wangiella dermatitidis in a 34-year-old male, who had multiple asymptomatic subcutaneous masses of 7 months duration over the neck and right axilla. ]n this case, we could observe typical gross colony morphology of W. dermatitidis. which showed creamy greyish, yeast-like colony with aerial mycelia after 3 to 4 weeks. ]n histopathologic study, we found mixed cell granuloma and fungal structure in biopsy specimen. We comfirmed W. dermatitidis by exoantigen test, and treated the subcutaneous lesions by surgical excision and ketoconazole with good result. This case is the first reported in Korea.